1、第第7 7讲讲 翻译技巧（三）翻译技巧（三）:词序调整词序调整v词序又称语序，指的是句子中各个词或成分排词序又称语序，指的是句子中各个词或成分排列的先后次序。词序对于汉语这一典型的分析列的先后次序。词序对于汉语这一典型的分析型语言至关重要。而现代英语也基本上趋于成型语言至关重要。而现代英语也基本上趋于成为一种分析型语言。因此，语序的作用同样举为一种分析型语言。因此，语序的作用同样举足轻重。足轻重。v英汉语言中主要成分的语序大体一致。但是，英汉语言中主要成分的语序大体一致。但是，由于表达习惯和排列规则上存在的种种差异，由于表达习惯和排列规则上存在的种种差异，两种语言在词序方面还有许多不同之处，这
2、就两种语言在词序方面还有许多不同之处，这就要求在英汉翻译中对词序加以必要的调整，以要求在英汉翻译中对词序加以必要的调整，以便使译文更加通顺、自然。便使译文更加通顺、自然。（1）I cannot bear the sight of that man.原译：我无法忍受看见那个人。原译：我无法忍受看见那个人。v词序调整不仅是使译文更加符合该语言表达习词序调整不仅是使译文更加符合该语言表达习惯的重要技巧，而且有时也是避免译文产生歧惯的重要技巧，而且有时也是避免译文产生歧义而引起误解的必要手段。义而引起误解的必要手段。(2)It is a document which must be considere
3、d as positive support for the Second United Nations Development Decade.原译：这个文件必须被看作是对第二个联合国原译：这个文件必须被看作是对第二个联合国发展十年的一种积极支持。发展十年的一种积极支持。Contents定语词序的调整定语词序的调整7.1.状语词序的调整状语词序的调整7.2.插入语词序的调整插入语词序的调整7.3.倒装句词序的调整倒装句词序的调整7.4.并列成分的词序调整并列成分的词序调整7.5.7.1 定语词序的调整定语词序的调整v英语中的定语种类繁多、形式不一。相比之下，英语中的定语种类繁多、形式不一。相比之
4、下，汉语中定语的形式与种类并不如此繁多，其位汉语中定语的形式与种类并不如此繁多，其位置相对也比较单一。英汉翻译时，有时可以保置相对也比较单一。英汉翻译时，有时可以保持定语在原文句子中的次序，但是在许多情况持定语在原文句子中的次序，但是在许多情况下，需要加以必要的调整。下，需要加以必要的调整。7.1 定语词序的调整定语词序的调整v7.1.1单词后置定语词序的调整单词后置定语词序的调整v7.1.2两个或两个以上前置定语词序的调整两个或两个以上前置定语词序的调整v7.1.3中心词兼有前置定语和后置定语时定语词中心词兼有前置定语和后置定语时定语词序的调整序的调整v7.1.4定语从句词序的调整定语从句词
5、序的调整7.1.1单词后置定语词序的调整单词后置定语词序的调整v英语中一些以单词构成的后置定语译成汉语时，英语中一些以单词构成的后置定语译成汉语时，一般置于所修饰的中心词之前，这类后置的单一般置于所修饰的中心词之前，这类后置的单词定语主要包括：词定语主要包括：一些以一些以-able 或或-ible 结尾的形容词结尾的形容词 一些表示时间、地点的副词一些表示时间、地点的副词 修饰由修饰由some,any,no,every 等构成的不定代等构成的不定代词的定语词的定语7.1.1单词后置定语词序的调整单词后置定语词序的调整v一些以一些以-able 或或-ible 结尾的形容词结尾的形容词（3）Thi
6、s is the only reference book available here on the subject.（4）The work obtainable equals that expended.（5）Engine revolution should not exceed the maximum permissible.7.1.1单词后置定语词序的调整单词后置定语词序的调整(6)How much cash is tied up in accounts receivable and for how long?(7)We are trying our best to get all th
7、e resources possible.(8)Reinforcements had the greatest difficulty imaginable getting there.7.1.1单词后置定语词序的调整单词后置定语词序的调整v一些表示时间、地点的副词一些表示时间、地点的副词(9)He was born on May 13,2008 but unfortunately his father died the day before in an unprecedented earthquake.(10)The strong dollar abroad has reduced expor
8、ts and increased imports.(11)The sentence below is so worded as to be misleading.(12)The social system there has undergone great changes for the past few years.(13)The neighbours upstairs came to his rescue and drove him to the hospital.7.1.1单词后置定语词序的调整单词后置定语词序的调整v修饰由修饰由some,any,no,every 等构成的不定代词等构成
9、的不定代词的定语的定语(14)To design means to make the drawing of something new according to a plan.(15)If there is anything wrong with the car,call for maintenance.(16)He wanted to get someone reliable to help in the work.7.1.1单词后置定语词序的调整单词后置定语词序的调整(17)She can see nothing remarkable in her boss.(18)Everybody p
10、resent was deeply moved.(19)They have done everything possible to improve the controlling system.7.1.2 两个或两个以上前置定语词序的调整两个或两个以上前置定语词序的调整v两个或两个以上的形容词（或名词）共同修饰两个或两个以上的形容词（或名词）共同修饰一个中心词时，通常中英文都可放在中心词之一个中心词时，通常中英文都可放在中心词之前，并且都趋于将意义愈具体的修饰语安排得前，并且都趋于将意义愈具体的修饰语安排得愈靠近中心词，但是这种前置定语在两种语言愈靠近中心词，但是这种前置定语在两种语言中的基本
11、排列规则差异迥然。中的基本排列规则差异迥然。v一般而言，英语中这种前置定语词序安排的基一般而言，英语中这种前置定语词序安排的基本原则是：由范围小的到范围大的、由次要的本原则是：由范围小的到范围大的、由次要的到重要的、由程度弱的到程度强的、由一般到到重要的、由程度弱的到程度强的、由一般到专有。然而，汉语的情况则往往相反。因此英专有。然而，汉语的情况则往往相反。因此英汉翻译时经常需要对原文中这类定语的词序加汉翻译时经常需要对原文中这类定语的词序加以调整。以调整。7.1.2 两个或两个以上前置定语词序的调整两个或两个以上前置定语词序的调整vpractical social activities va
12、 small round wooden tableva big white stone buildingvthe two good-natured,old,English gentlemen vsome sour green eating apples v a powerful,industrial,socialist country 7.1.2 两个或两个以上前置定语词序的调整两个或两个以上前置定语词序的调整(20)The solution is to globalize major Australian corporations.(21)All competent university s
13、cientists should be supported to do work of their own choice.(22)They endeavour to produce more and better products to meet the growing home and world market needs.7.1.2 两个或两个以上前置定语词序的调整两个或两个以上前置定语词序的调整(23)The theoretical maximum value is unattainable.(24)This system was equipped with programmed dig
14、ital automatic controller.(25)The property is of fundamental spiritual and cultural value to such countries.7.1.3中心词兼有前置定语和后置定语时定语词序的调整中心词兼有前置定语和后置定语时定语词序的调整v英汉句子中，假若某个中心词既有前置定英汉句子中，假若某个中心词既有前置定语，又有介词短语、分词短语或不定式短语，又有介词短语、分词短语或不定式短语作后置定语，译成汉语时，一般须将后语作后置定语，译成汉语时，一般须将后置定语调整为前置定语，而原有的前置定置定语调整为前置定语，而原有的前
15、置定语的位置则需要视具体情况而定。语的位置则需要视具体情况而定。7.1.3中心词兼有前置定语和后置定语时定语词序的调整中心词兼有前置定语和后置定语时定语词序的调整(26)The old professor in spectacles is the head of the English Department.(27)The scientist elaborated upon the theoretical amount of evaporation at the symposium.(28）The OPEC countries have decided to impose a surcharg
16、e on the oil price for the fourth quarter.(29)A favourable decision is needed on most favoured nation trading status for China.7.1.3中心词兼有前置定语和后置定语时定语词序的调整中心词兼有前置定语和后置定语时定语词序的调整(30)Another common error connected with words consists in confusing a word or a name with a fact.(31)APEC too will face diff
17、erent problems arising from growing up.(32)To lift something is the easiest possible way to give something energy.(33)Another important factor to be considered in choosing the place is the availability of coal in ample quantities.7.1.4 定语从句词序的调整定语从句词序的调整v英语中的定语从句无论是限制性的还是非限制英语中的定语从句无论是限制性的还是非限制性的，一般
18、均置于所修饰的中心词之后。译成性的，一般均置于所修饰的中心词之后。译成汉语时，往往将（较短的）限制性定语从句译汉语时，往往将（较短的）限制性定语从句译为前置定语，较长的或非限制性定语从句则须为前置定语，较长的或非限制性定语从句则须视具体情况，根据汉语的表达习惯，大多置于视具体情况，根据汉语的表达习惯，大多置于中心词之后，译成平列分句或独立的句子。中心词之后，译成平列分句或独立的句子。7.1.4 定语从句词序的调整定语从句词序的调整(34)Everything that is around us is matter.(35)They will call the attention of the
19、Security Council to situations which are likely to endanger international peace and security.(36)He was one of the earliest English grammarians who paid attention to this problem.7.1.4 定语从句词序的调整定语从句词序的调整(37)The time when we can make use of atomic energy has come.(38)Those who did not die from smallp
20、ox usually carried scars on their faces for life.(39)This is the very hotel where they spent their honeymoon.7.2 状语词序的调整状语词序的调整v在英语句子中，状语是个十分复杂的句子成分，在英语句子中，状语是个十分复杂的句子成分，可由单个副词、短语、从句担任，用以表示行可由单个副词、短语、从句担任，用以表示行为动作的时间、地点、方式、手段、原因、结为动作的时间、地点、方式、手段、原因、结果、目的等。英语状语的位置远比定语更加灵果、目的等。英语状语的位置远比定语更加灵活多变，可以位于句首
21、、句尾、谓语动词的前活多变，可以位于句首、句尾、谓语动词的前后等等。译成汉语时，有些可以保持其原有次后等等。译成汉语时，有些可以保持其原有次序，但是在更多的情况下，需要对原文中的状序，但是在更多的情况下，需要对原文中的状语位置加以调整。语位置加以调整。7.2 状语词序的调整状语词序的调整v7.2.1 后置状语调整为前置状语后置状语调整为前置状语v7.2.2 一个句子中同时出现几个状语时的词一个句子中同时出现几个状语时的词序调整序调整v7.2.3 一个句子中同时出现两个（或更多的）一个句子中同时出现两个（或更多的）时间状语时间状语7.2.1 后置状语调整为前置状语后置状语调整为前置状语v英语状语
22、的位置非常灵活。有的状语既可前置，英语状语的位置非常灵活。有的状语既可前置，又可后置。而按照汉语的表达习惯，状语往往又可后置。而按照汉语的表达习惯，状语往往前置。因此，英汉翻译时，经常需要将后置状前置。因此，英汉翻译时，经常需要将后置状语改变为前置状语。语改变为前置状语。7.2.1 后置状语调整为前置状语后置状语调整为前置状语(40)She doesnt understand it completely.(41)I remember having seen him somewhere.(42)The aim of the present work is to determine the int
23、ermetallic compounds in some aluminium alloys qualitatively and quantitatively.(43)The productive methods are now being used most widely in the aircraft industry.7.2.1 后置状语调整为前置状语后置状语调整为前置状语(44)She looked at her rival with freezing eyes.(45)He is a responsible man in spite of his shortcomings.(46)Th
24、e metal was cooled in the air,having been heated to a definite temperature in the furnace.(47)Just then a white-haired woman entered supported by the team leader.7.2.1 后置状语调整为前置状语后置状语调整为前置状语(48)There isnt such a word in English so far as I know.(49)Send us a message in case you have any difficulty.(
25、50)They had to put the meeting off since so many people were absent.(51)We were also as credulous of fabrications when we were that age.7.2.2 一个句子中同时出现几个状语时的词序调整一个句子中同时出现几个状语时的词序调整v在英汉两种语言中，都可能在同一个句子里包在英汉两种语言中，都可能在同一个句子里包含几个状语。但是，这些状语在英汉两种语言含几个状语。但是，这些状语在英汉两种语言中的排列次序却不尽一致。英语中状语的排列中的排列次序却不尽一致。英语中状语的排
26、列次序一般是方式状语次序一般是方式状语地点状语地点状语时间状语；时间状语；而在汉语中这些状语的次序往往相反，即为时而在汉语中这些状语的次序往往相反，即为时间状语间状语地点状语地点状语方式状语。方式状语。7.2.2 一个句子中同时出现几个状语时的词序调整一个句子中同时出现几个状语时的词序调整(52)Professor Johnson works industriously at ninety-two natural elements in his laboratory every day.(53)The communications satellite can provide effective
27、ly voice and data signals to any place and at any time.(54)Party A shall pay the entire cost of the machinery by delivering the products as a make-up payment,and pay it off within a period of 3 years.7.2.2 一个句子中同时出现几个状语时的词序调整一个句子中同时出现几个状语时的词序调整(55)Transistors were successfully developed in USA in 19
28、48.(56)We ate to our hearts content at her home last Sunday.(57)They conducted a scientific experiment successfully on the moon early last year.7.2.3 一个句子中同时出现两个（或更多的）时间状语一个句子中同时出现两个（或更多的）时间状语或地点状语时的词序调整或地点状语时的词序调整v英语句子中假若同时出现两个（或更多的）时英语句子中假若同时出现两个（或更多的）时间状语或地点状语，通常是代表较小单位的状间状语或地点状语，通常是代表较小单位的状语在前，代
29、表较大单位的状语在后。而在汉语语在前，代表较大单位的状语在后。而在汉语中则相反，一般是单位越大越在前，单位越小中则相反，一般是单位越大越在前，单位越小越靠后。越靠后。7.2.3 一个句子中同时出现两个（或更多的）时间状语一个句子中同时出现两个（或更多的）时间状语或地点状语时的词序调整或地点状语时的词序调整(58)This contract was signed in New York on 8 August,1998.(59)China successfully launched its first man-made earth satellite in April 1970.(60)For
30、further detail,contact:International Language Centre,86 York,London.(61)Professor Horns new address is Room 204,Foreign Languages Building,Shanghai Jiaotong University,800 Dongchuan Road,Minhang District,Shanghai,China.7.3 插入语词序的调整插入语词序的调整v插入语既可以是单个的词也可以是一个短语或插入语既可以是单个的词也可以是一个短语或句子。其位置可在句首、句中或句尾。译成汉
31、句子。其位置可在句首、句中或句尾。译成汉语时，有些插入语，尤其是位于句首的插入语，语时，有些插入语，尤其是位于句首的插入语，可保持原文中的词序。然而，在许多情况下，可保持原文中的词序。然而，在许多情况下，需要对其词序作出必要的调整。需要对其词序作出必要的调整。7.3 插入语词序的调整插入语词序的调整(62)In the long term,however,Thailand may have to give way to Indonesia as ASEANs most popular tourist destination.(63)More recently,though,IBMs domin
32、ance of the computer market has slipped.(64)China,in fact,has caught up with and surpassed the world advanced levels in many respects.7.3 插入语词序的调整插入语词序的调整(65)There are still eight people missing,to be precise.(66)Shes not quite fit for this kind of work,if I may say so.(67)Life,as we know it,needs w
33、ater and oxygen.7.4 倒装句词序的调整倒装句词序的调整（68）This you should bear in mind.(69)What they were asked to do in 10 days,they finished in two.(70)Something we gladly remember;others we gladly forget.(71)Bang came another shot.(72)The discovery of metals made possible the construction of more intricate and use
34、ful devices.7.4 倒装句词序的调整倒装句词序的调整(73)To this class of substances belong glass,wood,etc.(74)Only after they had performed hundreds of experiments did they succeed in solving the problem.(75)Little do we suspect that this district is rich in mineral resources.(76)Great was the excitement as procession
35、after procession poured its eager masses into the town.7.4 倒装句词序的调整倒装句词序的调整(77)New metals were being discovered.With the increase in the number of metals came an increase in the number of their alloys.(78)Were there no loss of energy by friction,the motion would continue indefinitely once it started
36、.(79)Our society has changed and so have the people in it.7.4 倒装句词序的调整倒装句词序的调整(80)Wood cannot conduct electricity,nor can glass.(81)Hardly had he finished when someone rose to refute his points.(82)These differences should not hinder us from establishing normal state relations,still less should they
37、 lead to war.(83)The smaller the particles,the more freely do they move.7.5 并列成分的词序调整并列成分的词序调整v句子中有几个成分并列出现时，英、汉语中的句子中有几个成分并列出现时，英、汉语中的排列次序有时差异颇大。英语中并列成分的词排列次序有时差异颇大。英语中并列成分的词序一般按照逻辑上的轻重、前后、因果或部序一般按照逻辑上的轻重、前后、因果或部分分整体的顺序安排，而汉语通常则将较大、整体的顺序安排，而汉语通常则将较大、较强、较突出或给人印象较深的成分前置。较强、较突出或给人印象较深的成分前置。iron and st
38、eel industry elementary and secondary schools private and public enterprises of small and medium sizes flesh-and-blood characters7.5 并列成分的词序调整并列成分的词序调整 quick of eye and deft of hand land and water communication rain or shine heal the wounded and rescue the dying food,clothing,shelter and transportation track-and-field athletes differences between the rich and the poor north,south,east and west face the world and brave the storm
