1、甲甲状状腺腺癌癌的的护护理理内 容 甲状腺的解剖与功能 甲状腺癌的诊断与临床甲状腺癌的诊断与临床 表现表现 术前护理及术后护理术前护理及术后护理健健 康康 教教 育育 4123解剖与功能解剖与功能v我们每个人的颈部(脖子)下方,长着像我们每个人的颈部(脖子)下方,长着像蝴蝶(又像古代战争中的防御盾牌,呈蝴蝶(又像古代战争中的防御盾牌,呈H或或U型)一样的组织,叫做甲状腺(如图型)一样的组织,叫做甲状腺(如图) 1.位于气管两侧的左右侧叶和中间的峡部位于气管两侧的左右侧叶和中间的峡部组成。平均重量成大约组成。平均重量成大约20-25g,女性略,女性略大略重。甲状腺后面有甲状旁腺大略重。甲状腺后面
2、有甲状旁腺4枚及喉枚及喉神经。神经。 2.血液供应有上下左右四条动脉,所以甲血液供应有上下左右四条动脉,所以甲 状腺血供较丰富。状腺血供较丰富。 3.腺体受颈交感神经节的交感神经和迷走腺体受颈交感神经节的交感神经和迷走神经支配它是人体最大的内分泌器官。神经支配它是人体最大的内分泌器官。 、Description of the contents甲状腺的主要功能是摄取、贮存碘,甲状腺的主要功能是摄取、贮存碘,合成和分泌甲状腺激素。甲状腺激素合成和分泌甲状腺激素。甲状腺激素主要有甲状腺素(四碘甲腺原氨酸,主要有甲状腺素(四碘甲腺原氨酸,T4)和三碘甲腺原氨酸()和三碘甲腺原氨酸(T3)。)。甲状腺疾
3、病在普外科中是一种常见甲状腺疾病在普外科中是一种常见的疾病,尤其是甲状腺腺瘤、结节的疾病,尤其是甲状腺腺瘤、结节性甲状腺肿较为多见。甲状腺疾患包括性甲状腺肿较为多见。甲状腺疾患包括甲状腺肿、甲状腺良恶性肿瘤、甲状腺甲状腺肿、甲状腺良恶性肿瘤、甲状腺功能亢进等。功能亢进等。 甲状腺甲状腺癌是头颈部常见恶性癌是头颈部常见恶性肿瘤肿瘤之之 ,约占全身约占全身恶性肿瘤恶性肿瘤的的1%,女性发,女性发病率高于男性病率高于男性 发病初期发病初期 无明显症状,无明显症状,仅在颈部出现单仅在颈部出现单 、质地硬而固定、质地硬而固定、表面不光滑,随表面不光滑,随吞咽吞咽上下移动的肿上下移动的肿块。晚期癌肿除伴颈
4、部块。晚期癌肿除伴颈部淋巴结淋巴结肿肿 外,外,常因喉返常因喉返神经神经、气管气管或或食管食管受压而受压而出现声出现声音嘶音嘶哑、呼吸困难或哑、呼吸困难或吞咽困吞咽困难难等。等。手术手术切除是各型甲状切除是各型甲状腺癌腺癌的的基本治疗方式基本治疗方式 甲状腺癌术甲状腺癌术应行颈应行颈淋巴淋巴结清扫,手结清扫,手术术创伤创伤大,术后易出现并发症。制订有大,术后易出现并发症。制订有效的护理计划,充分做好术效的护理计划,充分做好术 后护理,后护理, 术后严密观察病情,严防并发症的术后严密观察病情,严防并发症的发生发生是手术成功的关键。现将甲状腺癌术后的护是手术成功的关键。现将甲状腺癌术后的护理总结如
5、下理总结如下 术前护理术前护理 一一. 一般护理一般护理 指导病人进行手术指导病人进行手术体位体位的的适应性适应性1.训练(头颈过伸体位),即将软枕垫于肩部,训练(头颈过伸体位),即将软枕垫于肩部,保持保持2.头低、颈过伸位,以利于术中手术野的暴露。同时头低、颈过伸位,以利于术中手术野的暴露。同时3.指导病人指导病人深呼吸深呼吸和有效和有效咳嗽咳嗽的的方法方法;强调戒烟的特;强调戒烟的特 殊意义,鼓励病人戒烟。注意保暖,避免着凉。殊意义,鼓励病人戒烟。注意保暖,避免着凉。二二. 术前准备术前准备 保证病人术前晚充分休息和保证病人术前晚充分休息和睡眠睡眠, 术前晚给予镇静术前晚给予镇静安眠安眠类
6、类药物药物,保证病人身心处于最保证病人身心处于最佳状态。术前一日帮助病人剃除颈部及耳后佳状态。术前一日帮助病人剃除颈部及耳后毛发毛发,并清洗干净。并清洗干净。三三. 心理心理护理护理 针对病人及其家属对所患针对病人及其家属对所患甲状腺甲状腺肿瘤肿瘤性质的了解程度性质的了解程度,有针对性地讲解有关知识有针对性地讲解有关知识,说说明手术的必要性、手术方法、术后恢复过程及预后明手术的必要性、手术方法、术后恢复过程及预后情况。通过心理护理使病人在情况。通过心理护理使病人在坦然坦然、平静、树立、平静、树立胜疾病的良好胜疾病的良好心理状态心理状态下接受手术。下接受手术。 术后护理术后护理一一. 一般护理一
7、般护理 1. 体位护理体位护理 病人病人麻醉麻醉清醒、清醒、血压血压平稳后给平稳后给予半卧位,鼓励床上予半卧位,鼓励床上活动活动。保证病人充足的休息和。保证病人充足的休息和睡眠,适当应用镇静止痛剂。睡眠,适当应用镇静止痛剂。2. 饮食护理饮食护理 术后术后6h病情平稳后病情平稳后,可少量饮水可少量饮水若病人无不适可进少量温凉或冷流质,逐步过渡若病人无不适可进少量温凉或冷流质,逐步过渡半流质饮食及软食。半流质饮食及软食。二二. 心理护理心理护理 根据病人术根据病人术后病后病理结果理结果,指导病人调整心态指导病人调整心态,配合后续治疗。配合后续治疗。1. 病情观察病情观察 密切观察病人密切观察病人
8、生命生命体征、呼吸发音、吞咽、体征、呼吸发音、吞咽、精神精神状况,状况,判断判断有无声音嘶哑或音调降低误咽及呛咳等症状。有无声音嘶哑或音调降低误咽及呛咳等症状。2.保持创面敷料清洁无渗出,及时保持创面敷料清洁无渗出,及时 换潮湿敷料,并估计渗换潮湿敷料,并估计渗血血量量。3.妥善妥善固定颈部固定颈部引流管引流管,保持畅通,观察并记录引流液的量、保持畅通,观察并记录引流液的量、颜色及颜色及性状性状。若有异常,及时通知医生。若有异常,及时通知医生。三三.保持呼吸道通畅保持呼吸道通畅 1.患者床旁必须备患者床旁必须备气管切开包气管切开包、氧气、拆线、氧气、拆线缝合包缝合包等等急救急救物品。物品。2.
9、注意避免因引流管阻塞导致颈部积血、积液、压注意避免因引流管阻塞导致颈部积血、积液、压迫气管而引起呼吸不畅;鼓励和协助病人进行深迫气管而引起呼吸不畅;鼓励和协助病人进行深呼吸和有效咳嗽必要呼吸和有效咳嗽必要时行时行超声超声雾化雾化吸入吸入,以助痰,以助痰液及时排出;液及时排出;3.遵医嘱给予适量镇静剂,以减轻病人因切口遵医嘱给予适量镇静剂,以减轻病人因切口疼痛疼痛而不敢或不愿意咳嗽、排痰,以保持呼吸道通畅而不敢或不愿意咳嗽、排痰,以保持呼吸道通畅和预防肺部感染并发症。和预防肺部感染并发症。四四. 防治并发症防治并发症一一. 呼吸困难和呼吸困难和窒息窒息 术后呼吸困难和窒息是最严重术后呼吸困难和窒
10、息是最严重并发症,多发生于术后并发症,多发生于术后48h内。内。1.严密观察呼吸、严密观察呼吸、脉搏脉搏、血压及切口渗血情况,若、血压及切口渗血情况,若发现病人有颈部紧压感、呼吸困难、发现病人有颈部紧压感、呼吸困难、烦躁烦躁、发绀、发绀等,应立即检查切口和通知医生,积极配合抢救等,应立即检查切口和通知医生,积极配合抢救。2.对于对于血肿血肿引起压迫的及时清除血肿;引起压迫的及时清除血肿;喉头喉头水肿水肿引引起的迅速遵医嘱应用大剂量起的迅速遵医嘱应用大剂量激素激素。3.经处理后病人呼吸仍无改善,应果断经处理后病人呼吸仍无改善,应果断行气行气管切开管切开和吸氧;必要时送和吸氧;必要时送手术室手术室
11、做进一步检查、做进一步检查、止血止血和和其他处理。其他处理。二二. 喉返神经和喉上神经损伤喉返神经和喉上神经损伤 密切密切观察患者有无声音嘶哑、饮水呛咳等现观察患者有无声音嘶哑、饮水呛咳等现象。如出现上述症状应关心安慰病人,象。如出现上述症状应关心安慰病人,告诉病人告诉病人 这这 些现象多为暂时性,可以些现象多为暂时性,可以通过理疗等处理后自行恢复。发生误咽通过理疗等处理后自行恢复。发生误咽和呛咳时指导病人坐起进食,并鼓励其和呛咳时指导病人坐起进食,并鼓励其半流质或固体类食物。半流质或固体类食物。三三. 手足手足抽搐抽搐 1.手术时手术时甲状旁腺甲状旁腺误切、误切、挫伤挫伤或血供受累,引起甲或
12、血供受累,引起甲状旁腺状旁腺功能功能低下,出现低血钙引起手足抽搐,多低下,出现低血钙引起手足抽搐,多发生于术后发生于术后13 天,病人自觉面部、口唇周围和天,病人自觉面部、口唇周围和手、足针刺感、手、足针刺感、麻木麻木或或强直强直感。感。2.指导病人限制含磷较高的食物,如指导病人限制含磷较高的食物,如牛奶牛奶、瘦肉、瘦肉、蛋黄、鱼类等。蛋黄、鱼类等。3.可口服可口服葡萄糖酸钙葡萄糖酸钙,重者遵医嘱,重者遵医嘱静脉静脉注射注射10%葡葡萄糖萄糖酸钙等。酸钙等。四四. 甲状腺危象甲状腺危象 1.临床临床表现为术后表现为术后1236h内患者出现内患者出现高热高热、脉快而弱、大汗、烦躁不安、脉快而弱、
13、大汗、烦躁不安、谵谵妄妄甚至甚至昏迷昏迷,常伴有,常伴有呕吐呕吐、腹泻腹泻。2.应立即给予患者降温、吸氧。应立即给予患者降温、吸氧。3.静脉输入大量静脉输入大量葡萄葡萄糖糖溶液溶液,口服或静脉,口服或静脉滴注碘剂、滴注碘剂、氢化可的松氢化可的松,使用镇静剂等,使用镇静剂等。健康教育健康教育1. 心理调适心理调适 甲状腺癌病人术后存有不同程度的甲状腺癌病人术后存有不同程度的心心理问题理问题,指导病人调整心态,正确面,指导病人调整心态,正确面对现实,积极配合治疗。对现实,积极配合治疗。2. 功能锻炼功能锻炼 指导病人头颈部制动一段时间后指导病人头颈部制动一段时间后,开始逐开始逐步步练习练习活动活动
14、,促进颈部的功能恢复,防促进颈部的功能恢复,防止切口粘连及止切口粘连及瘢痕瘢痕收缩,直至出院后收缩,直至出院后3个月。个月。 出院指导出院指导 1.教会病人颈部自行体检的方法,若发现结节、肿教会病人颈部自行体检的方法,若发现结节、肿 块或异常应及时就诊块或异常应及时就诊2.2.练习颈部运动,防止颈部瘢痕练习颈部运动,防止颈部瘢痕3 3遵医嘱口服甲状腺素片,定期复查血象,不适遵医嘱口服甲状腺素片,定期复查血象,不适随诊随诊4 4如有声音嘶哑,音调变低者出院后应继续行理如有声音嘶哑,音调变低者出院后应继续行理疗疗, ,针灸,以促进恢复针灸,以促进恢复5 5指导患者了解甲状腺功能减退的临床表现指导患
15、者了解甲状腺功能减退的临床表现 6 6指导患者多吃含碘量高的食物:海带、紫菜等,指导患者多吃含碘量高的食物:海带、紫菜等, 忌烟、酒忌烟、酒学习目的:学习目的:甲状腺癌术后并发症的护理甲状腺癌术后并发症的护理谢谢 谢!谢! Click to edit title styleThemeGallery is a Design Digital Content & Contents mall developed by Guild Design Inc.ThemeGallery is a Design Digital Content & Contents mall developed by Guild
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